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Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease is a rare and serious autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system produces antibodies targeting the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and the alveolar basement membrane, particularly the α3 chain of type IV collagen. This condition is categorized as a small vessel vasculitis, involving immune complexes, and is recognized under the Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference classification of vasculitis. Clinically, anti-GBM disease presents with a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild or absent renal involvement to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), which can lead to acute kidney failure if not treated promptly. Early diagnosis and intervention with immunosuppressive therapy are critical to preventing irreversible organ damage, particularly renal and pulmonary complications.