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This test measures the levels of IgM antibodies against rubella, the virus responsible for causing German measles. If rubella is contracted early in pregnancy, it can lead to serious complications for the infant, such as heart defects, growth retardation, hearing loss, blood disorders, vision problems, or pneumonia. Long-term issues in childhood can include central nervous system disease, immune disorders, or thyroid problems.

The presence of IgM antibodies in a pregnant woman suggests a recent or ongoing infection with rubella. However, further testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis, as IgM antibodies can be present for other reasons as well. In a newborn, the presence of IgM antibodies strongly indicates an active rubella infection, as IgM cannot cross the placenta from the mother.

If IgG antibodies are present without IgM in the infant, it typically reflects the passive transfer of maternal antibodies, and does not indicate an active infection. A negative result for IgM antibodies in either the mother or infant suggests no recent or active rubella infection.