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The following are key tests used to evaluate thrombophilia and assess the risk of abnormal blood clotting:

• Cardiolipin IgG and Anti-Cardiolipin IgM: These are antibodies that may be present in individuals with antiphospholipid syndrome, a disorder that increases the risk of clot formation.

• Antithrombin III - Functional: This test measures the activity of antithrombin, a protein that helps prevent excessive clotting. Reduced activity can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis.

• Beta-2 Glycoprotein I IgG and Beta-2 Glycoprotein I Anti: These antibodies are often associated with antiphospholipid syndrome and can contribute to a higher risk of blood clots.

• DRVVT (Dilute Russell’s Viper Venom Time) - Lupus Anticoagulant: This test detects the presence of lupus anticoagulant, an antibody that interferes with blood clotting and increases the risk of thrombosis.

• Factor VIII Studies: This test evaluates the level of Factor VIII, a clotting protein. Elevated levels can be associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism.

• Protein S and Protein C: These are natural anticoagulants in the body that help regulate clotting. Deficiencies in either protein can increase the risk of abnormal clotting.

• Homocysteine: Elevated levels of homocysteine are a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and thrombosis.

• Factor V Leiden Mutational Analysis: This test looks for a mutation in the Factor V gene, which can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism due to impaired clot regulation.

These tests are often used to diagnose thrombophilia, monitor treatment, and assess the risk of clotting disorders in individuals with a personal or family history of venous thromboembolism or other related complications.