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Tissue Transglutaminase IgA (tTG-IgA) is a blood test primarily used to diagnose celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder triggered by the consumption of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals.

In celiac disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the enzyme tissue transglutaminase in the intestines, leading to inflammation and damage of the small intestine lining. Elevated levels of tTG-IgA antibodies indicate this immune response and are highly suggestive of celiac disease.

The test is often performed when someone has symptoms like chronic diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, or unexplained fatigue, which are common in celiac disease.

Key points about the test:

• High tTG-IgA levels: Strongly suggest celiac disease, especially when symptoms are present.
• Negative or low tTG-IgA levels: May rule out celiac disease, but some individuals may have a negative result despite having the condition, particularly if they are not consuming gluten at the time of testing.

The test is usually confirmed with a biopsy of the small intestine, but tTG-IgA levels provide a highly reliable first step in diagnosis.